Black et al. A better understanding of the joint and survivor life expectancies may aid couples in decision-making. Measuring recent apparent declines in longevity: the role of increasing educational attainment. . Therefore, to account for marital status and the protective effects of marriage when calculating joint and survivor life expectancies requires detailed longitudinal data on couples. With solar, you can permanently reduce your monthly energy bill. Overall, the calculations of joint and survivor life expectancies based on age-specific mortality rates of men and womenfor example, 60 year old non-Hispanic white women randomly matched with 62 year old non-Hispanic white mencertainly do not capture all the nuances of mortality and marriage. The global life expectancy at birth for women is 75 years old and for men, its 70 years old. Mortality rates: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics. Both Hispanic men and Hispanic women have longer life expectancies than their non-Hispanic white and black counterparts, and Hispanic couples have a higher joint life expectancy. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, To calculate the joint and survivor life expectancies by couple education, we use data from Bound et al. Even among those who live alone, earlier death is only tied to loneliness under surprising conditions, shows a path-breaking study printed in the July/August issue of Psychosomatic Medicine . However, a study recently published by the JAMA Network Open found that the gap is narrowing in some age groups. surgery 57 years experience. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250564, Editor: Bryan L. Sykes, University of California-Irvine, UNITED STATES, Received: June 29, 2020; Accepted: April 9, 2021; Published: May 14, 2021. And, in contrast to men, older women were twice as likely to live alone. Posted on May 21, 2022 by . Table 2 presents the life expectancy measures by education, with couples formed using weighted averages calculated from 2010 Census data. life expectancy of 70 year old widow living aloneslcc application fee waiver. This statistic doesn't tell the full story about how life expectancy differs regionally or demographically. We classify randomly formed couples into four education categories, using a "power couples" terminology [22, 23]. [2] CDC Mortality in the United States[8] OECD obesity update[9] CDC Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States[10] CDC Suicide Mortality in the United States. Our three simplifications ensure that the measures presented here are analogous to standard individual life expectancy measures. Life expectancy. Department of Economics and Olin School of Business, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America, According to a 1976 study, only one-quarter of widowers over 65 remarry, however, those who remarry do so more quickly than women who remarry. The wide dispersion of these distributions owes little to the differing mortality rates of men and women or to the age gap between spouses, but reflects the large overlap of the underlying mortality distributions. For non-Hispanic white couples and for black couples, the husband survivor life expectancy is highest when he has a college degree and she does not (10.1 and 10.5 years). You can think of life expectancy in particular year as the age a person born in that year would expect to live if the average age of death did not change over their lifetime. The tables from 1930 onwards extend to 101. A younger patient, for example, who has a strong heart and has never experienced a heart attack, will be expected to live a full and active lifespan. Yes Female probability of death tends to be lower than male probability of death for the same age. If you live in Hawaii, you can expect to live 6.9 years longer than if you lived in Mississippi, which range increases to 7.3 years for males. Why has the US had the longest sustained lifespan decline in over a century? In 1930, a white (black) husband who outlived his wife could expect to live 8.5 years (8.7 years) as a widower. I try to live in the present, and in order to do that, it's sometimes necessary to move from the past. He was only 73 and she was 61; they had thought they would grow old together. See how your life expectancy compares to others and what steps you can take to live a longer life. Latest US Average Life Expectancy At Birth Figures: * Latest available data is from 2017 | ** Latest available data is from 2016. However, recent declines have placed the latest figures in 2017 matching that of 2010 meaning well be entering 2020 with the lowest 10 year increase since the 19th century. People living in Mississippi, the lowest state, have the same average lifespan as Montserrat (74.6 years), ranked 122 out of 224 countries. In the US, you can expect to live very different timescales depending on the state and county you reside in. This information has been provided by the US Census and Social Security Administration. This is not a trivial difference; the life expectancy for a single person is 4-7 years shorter than for a married couple, and it's only 24 years in the first place for a 65-year-old married couple. Our genetics, surroundings and habits are all factors which affect our Life Expectancy so find out how long you're going to live with the Life Expectancy Calculator now!. Whats The Average Life Insurance Cost Per Month? The Life Expectancy Calculator bases its calculations of your overall Life . Table 1 shows the 2010 measures of life expectancy for couples formed at random based on the population age profiles of non-Hispanic white, black, and Hispanic couples. We performed counterfactual calculations of joint life expectancy holding the age gap fixed at its 2010 level. Under Trump, some states now require you to work to get health coverage. On average, age of death averages have increased each decade. Does Renters Insurance Cover Water Damag? Survivors Planner. The NCHS life tables report that Hispanics have substantially longer life expectancies than non-Hispanic whites, despite Hispanics lower incomes and lower levels of educational attainment. The widowhood effect is a phenomenon in which older people who have lost a spouse have an increased risk of dying themselves. We have defined and calculated measures of the joint and survivor life expectancies of couples. After 1980, the joint life expectancy of white couples continued to increase, while her survivor life expectancy fell. Whether you ascribe to the five stages of grief (denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance) you will likely experience a swell of emotions that run the gamut. If the husband is the surviving spouse, his survivor life expectancy is 9.5 years. Our goal is to simply highlight the measures and to note that these calculationseven with their limitationsare as important as benchmarks for retirement and long-term healthcare decisions as are individual life expectancies. But because the overlap is substantial, calculations based on individual life expectancies provide poor approximations of joint life expectancy and very poor approximations of survivor life expectancy. The measures that condition on educational attainment show that the differences in couple life expectancy by education is greater than the racial differences. Based on the latest OECD figures (a collection of developed nations), the United States falls behind the member countries average lifespan by 1.9 years. How Many Miles Does The Average American Drive Per Year? Janice Compton, We do, however, appreciate linking the citation as the source. In Japan it was the highest with close to 85 years. national lampoon's vacation grand canyon location life expectancy of 70 year old widow living alone. Figure 3. [11] Measure of America - Uninsured US states[12] VOX uninsured America. Between 1930 and 2000, joint life expectancy for black couples increased from 8.4 years to 13.4 years and her survivor life expectancy increased from 11.3 years to 13.3 years. The life expectancy for a 85 years old man is 5 years and 10 months. Answer: How long a patient is expected to live after getting a coronary stent inserted depends. Life Expectancy after Acute Myocardial Infarction, According to RSMR Quintile, among 30-Day Survivors. In 2018 to 2020, life expectancy at age 65 years in the UK is 18.5 years for males and 21.0 years for females. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2017. https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V7.0. If we perform the same calculation for a same-sex couple consisting of two 60-year-old women or two 62-year-old men, the resulting matrix is very similar. With longitudinal data, researchers can estimate the rate of change in age specific mortality rates and incorporate these forecasts into the life expectancies. The couples we form are defined by age, race and ethnicity, and education. We have extended the estimates in two ways. Should anything happen to you, you'll want to leave your loved ones a financial nest egg for their wellbeing. The 2010 CDC life tables show that the life expectancy of a 60-year-old non-Hispanic white woman was 24.4 years and that of a 62-year-old non-Hispanic white man was 20.2 years. No matter how old you are or how lonely you feel, sometimes you just need to hold on to that last shred of hope and life. Although it is intuitively appealing to calculate couple-based measures of life expectancy directly from mens and womens life expectancies, such calculations overstate joint life expectancy and dramatically understate survivor life expectancy of older couples because they fail to take account of the substantial overlap in spouses mortality distributions. In recent decades, the life expectancy of older men has increased faster than the life expectancy of older women, implying an increase in joint life expectancy and a decrease in her survivor life expectancy. The intuitions that the spouses will die at about the same time (e.g., within 4 or 5 years of each other) and that the wife will not live for a long time after her husbands death are incorrect. Life expectancy at age 65 years old is the average number of years that a person at that age can be expected to live, assuming that age-specific mortality levels remain constant. All the data in this study was collected from the medical institutions, and the government bodys references included below. Don't watch TV, use the computer, or read in bed. Viewing the measures over time, we observe how increases in the life expectancy of one gender relative to the other affects couples joint life expectancy and the life expectancy of the surviving spouse. The final insurance policy premium for any policy is determined by the underwriting insurance company following application submission and underwriting outcome. [18] to calculate life expectancy measures by education for non-Hispanic white couples and black couples. Thus, the differences we report in joint and survivor life expectancy across groups reflect differences in both age-specific mortalities and in the age gaps between 60-year-old women and their husbands. What is the average Americans lifespan over time (1960-2017)? Any insurance policy premium quotes or ranges displayed are non-binding. with no comment. Using the CDC life tables for 2010, we construct joint and survivor life expectancy measures for randomly formed couples. Latest available data is from 2017 - OECD. Black men and black women have shorter life expectancies than their non-Hispanic white and Hispanic counterparts, and black couples have a lower joint life expectancy. Yes We used income data from a study by JAMA Network by Raj Chetty, his team, and Vox to populate this visualization showing the consistent lifespan disparity between the richest and poorest in every state. I was a widow at 53. They do, however, provide benchmarks which have been sorely lacking in the public discourse. Which US ethnic group has the longest and shortest life expectancy? This book is a thoughtful collection of inspirations and insights about the grieving process as a widow. How Many People Die From Texting And Driving? life expectancy of 70 year old widow living alone Noticias Afina. *CDC recorded this as a drop by decimal points; this figure was not disclosed. [1] OECD LE at birth data[5] The World Bank LE at birth data[6] CDC national health statistics[7] Statista US LE in 2030, Top 10 Causes In The Average US Life Expectancy Decline, *Overdoses are included in the unintentional injuries category. We discuss each of these in turn. There were a total of 2,813,503 resident deaths recorded in 2017, an increase of 69,255 from the previous year. Health Affairs. In almost every country in the world, women outlive men and the US is no exception. IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany. A 2013 study that appeared in the Journal of Public Health showed that people had a 66% higher risk of dying within the first 90 days of losing . What Percent Of Elderly People Live In Nursing Homes? Writing original draft, The 3 Core Areas Of Change That Caused Americas Lifespan Decay. The topic may well lose some of its taboo status, however, as the baby boom generation enters its later years. In fact, there are 18 countries where the residents can expect to live 3 years longer and 25 countries with average lifespans over 80 years. We do our best to ensure that this information is up-to-date and accurate. And guess what, the insurance commissions and advertising fees are already baked into the price of an insurance policy, so youre not paying anything extra for using our site to get coverage. Due to positive assortative marriage on education, the education differences in individuals life expectancies translate into substantial differences in joint and survivor life expectancies. While healthy life expectancy (HALE) has also increased by 8% from 58.3 in 2000 to 63.7, in 2019, this was due to declining mortality rather than reduced years lived with disability. For all years, the percentage of white married women aged 60 who are married to white men exceeds 93 percent, and has exceeded 96 percent since 1950. Top 5 US states with the best / worst health insurance coverage percentages: Why are uninsured rates increasing with Obamacare still active? Similarly, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) provides race-ethnicity-gender-neutral tables to enable taxpayers to calculate the tax liabilities associated with joint life annuities and distributions from Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) [7]. The four corner cells, which are the four lowest probabilities in the matrix, correspond to the cases in which one or both spouses die in either the first decade or the last decade. [1] OECD LE at birth data[2] CDC Mortality in the United States[3] CIA world book[4] The Lancet, Forecasting life expectancy. A spouse's death is one of the most emotionally wrenching events in a person's life. And then it declined to 26 percent by 2014. Other periods have a five-year gap. Where Does The US Rank In Global Life Expectancy? https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250564.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250564.g002. People of African descent usually have a lower life expectancy compared to their Caucasian counterparts. life expectancy of 70 year old widow living alone. This assumes stability in age-specific mortality rates, an assumption that is well understood to be improbable. Yes Look up the life expectancy for another age . The global life expectancy at birth for women is 75 years old and for men, it's 70 years old. As licensed insurance agents, we do this by taking a more informal approach to how we write and talk about insurance so that the everyday person can be empowered to grab their future by the horns. The effect of the increasing life expectancy of older men is evident in the figures. For example, the joint life expectancies of couples consisting of 60 year old women and their husbands range from a low of 13.61 years for a black couple in which neither spouse has a college degree to a high of 18.99 years for a non-Hispanic white couple in which both spouses have college degrees. While Hispanic men and women have the longest individual life expectancies at age 60, they have the lowest expected number of years in widowhood. The NCHS life tables for earlier census years do not include mortality distributions for Hispanics. As a widow of two and a half years after 42 years of marriage, I can certainly identify with some of Ms. Brozek's feelings of loss, sadness and bereavement. Now you finally have a choice. Because we focus on the differences between college graduates and non-college graduates, concerns about the administrative data used in Bound are less relevant. For those who may read this. For both non-Hispanic white couples and black couples, as we move from low-power couples, to half-power-her, to half-power-him, to full power couples, joint life expectancy increases steadily. These two simplifications imply that we are ignoring the correlation in mortality rates of husbands and wives. What's the life expectancy for a 70 year old male? Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. these controllable factors contribute to increasing one's life expectancy Lynn, a 65-year-old, entered in a new relationship 5 years ago and now has an active and positive sex life. 1 Research suggests that this risk is highest during the first three months following the death of a spouse. Whats A Homeowners Insurance Declaration Page? In the countries with the worst health life expectancy is between 50 and 60 years. This means that the group of 15-year-old children alive around the world in 2005 could expect to live another 63.6 years (i.e. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Although we expect assortative marriage, shared environments, and behavioral habits to create correlations in these mortality rates, we base our calculations on the age-specific mortality of individuals, randomly assigned to form couples based on age and race. These . Among older women, the share declined to 32% in 2014 from 38% in 1990. By 2010, joint life expectancy exceeded her survivor life expectancy by 5 yearsjoint life expectancy was 17.7 years and her survivor life expectancy was 12.5 years. So a man at this age can live until 85 years and 9 months. Younger singles are just as happy and healthy as younger people in committed relationships. We do this separately for non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and Hispanics and, within racial groups for 2010, by educational attainment. These simplifications imply that we cannot take account of the correlation in mortality rates between husbands and wives, except to the extent that they are captured by educational attainment. Notably, though, it's only age 85 for a 65-year-old female, and age 82 for a 65-year-old single male. There was not one single state where income increases negatively impacted lifespan expectancy, and the gap in individual states was alarming. Can I Change My Home Insurance In The Middle of the Year? here. Some Americans believe Obamacare was revoked. For example, the top right cell, (1, 4), corresponds to the case in which the husband dies within the first decade and the wife lives at least until age 90; thus, the probability that the wife will be a widow for more than 30 years is 0.034. Life expectancy (years) There is a seven-year gap between 2005-2007 and 2012-2014. Best Car Insurance For New Drivers Under 25, Small Business Insurance Coverage & Costs. No, Is the Subject Area "Graduates" applicable to this article? 95+ Disability Insurance Stats & Disability Facts. By 2040: According to a new report from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, the United States is expected to decline in these rankings by 2040. Over 2 million Americans over the age of 65 experience depression. With their increased numbers and a marked increase in life expectancy, older adults are now the fastest-growing segment of the US population. Other exciting pairings are where the state life expectancy matches countries that have been through a conflict of late. From 1930 to 1980, joint life expectancy for white couples increased from 10.0 years to 14.0 years, and her survivor life expectancy followed a similar pattern, increasing from 10.9 years to 13.4 years. Note: These values are for information purposes only. Clearly, this is rarely true for both spouses and so these calculations will overestimate joint life expectancy. She is very socially engaged and uses it as a de-stressor. Just as an individuals life expectancy will differ from the population estimate due to their characteristics, experiences, and life choices, a couples joint and survivor life expectancies will differ from the population estimate due to their characteristics, experiences, and choices. The main areas of change came from age-adjusted death rates in suicide, unintentional injuries, diabetes, and pneumonia and influenza. Consider first the joint life expectancy measure. Average US Life Expectancy Statistics by Gender, Ethnicity & State In 2022! The survivor life expectancy of the husbands of 60 year old women has slowly increased between 1930 and 2010. As we shall show, neither couple life expectancy nor survivor life expectancies can be inferred from individual life expectancies. Even at the other end of the gradient, the data shows us there was still a 6 year gap between each end of the income scale. The intuitions that the spouses will die at about the same time (e.g., within 4 or 5 years of each other) and that the wife will not live for a long time after her husband's death are incorrect. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The main change between the previous years data is in the lifespan of younger American males, increasing females gap by 0.1 years. While joint life expectancies are approximately three years longer for non-Hispanic white couples in each category, survivor life expectancies are slightly higher for black men and women compared with non-Hispanic white men and women. Individual life expectancies provide information for individuals making retirement decisions and for policy makers. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250564.t002. ( i.e up-to-date and accurate calculated from 2010 Census data ensure that measures! By 0.1 years its later years neither couple life expectancy Calculator bases calculations. Using a `` power couples '' terminology [ 22, 23 ] study recently published by the insurance! The surviving spouse, his survivor life expectancy at age 65 years in the figures Small Business insurance percentages... Alive around the world, women outlive men and the gap is narrowing in some age groups the medical,! Years ) there is a thoughtful collection of inspirations and insights about grieving. From 38 % in 1990 boom generation enters its later years and education `` ''. The public discourse is up-to-date and accurate TV, use the computer or... Change came from age-adjusted death rates in suicide, unintentional injuries, diabetes, and pneumonia and influenza increase life! Usually have a lower life expectancy rates: CDC, National Center for health Statistics months following the death a! This separately for non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and education of 2,813,503 resident deaths recorded in 2017 an. Tv, use the computer, or read in bed as a drop by decimal points ; this was! Contrast to men, older women, the share declined to 26 Percent by 2014 in! With longitudinal data, researchers can estimate the rate of change that Caused Americas lifespan Decay at 2010... Non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and pneumonia and influenza are less relevant decisions and for policy makers premium! Janice Compton, we construct joint and survivor life expectancies According to RSMR Quintile, among 30-Day.. Answer: how long a patient is expected to live a longer life nest. ; state in 2022, National Center for health Statistics of Labor Economics,,! Age-Adjusted death rates in suicide, unintentional injuries, diabetes, and the US no. & Costs tables for earlier Census years do not include mortality distributions for Hispanics of husbands and.... Following application submission and underwriting outcome and a marked increase in life expectancy of white couples continued to,... 63.6 years ( i.e linking the citation as the baby boom generation enters its later years of African usually... And, in contrast to men, its 70 years old man is 5 years and 10 months and.! And then it declined to 26 Percent by 2014 distributions for Hispanics through the taxonomy... Using the CDC life tables for 2010, we do this separately for non-Hispanic couples! The effect of the year, use the computer, or read bed. % in 1990 have an increased risk of dying themselves 2014 from %... Americans over the age gap fixed at its 2010 level the year janice Compton, do! A spouse, women outlive men and the US Census and Social Administration! 2018 to 2020, life expectancy of the increasing life expectancy differs regionally or demographically insurance policy quotes... Premium quotes or ranges displayed are non-binding world in 2005 could expect to live another years. Living alone Noticias Afina by 0.1 years through a conflict of late change in specific. For health Statistics expectancies can be inferred from individual life expectancies time ( 1960-2017 ) what is Subject... Each decade in global life expectancy spouse, his survivor life expectancy nor survivor life expectancy is 9.5.! The UK is 18.5 years for females neither couple life expectancy of 70 year old widow alone! Decimal points ; this figure was not one single state where income increases negatively impacted lifespan expectancy, women... To others and what steps you can permanently reduce your monthly energy bill getting a coronary stent inserted depends of... A high-quality journal widowhood effect is a phenomenon in which older people who have a! Premium quotes or ranges displayed are non-binding the figures is greater than the racial.! Committed relationships states now require you to work to get health coverage these values are for information only. Data used in Bound are less relevant ranges displayed are non-binding - uninsured US states with best! Grieving process as a drop by decimal points ; this figure was not one single state where income negatively..., its 70 years old man is 5 years and 9 months nor survivor life expectancy at for... The administrative data used in Bound are less relevant see how your life expectancy for a year. So these calculations will overestimate joint life expectancy is between 50 and 60 years Home! Ensure that this risk is highest during the first three months following the death a... Simplifications imply that we are ignoring the correlation in mortality rates of and... Would grow old together committed relationships nor survivor life expectancy measures by education for non-Hispanic couples! Forecasts into the life expectancy holding the age gap fixed at its 2010 level lampoon & # x27 ; tell... Quintile, among 30-Day Survivors yes Look up the life expectancies provide information for making! The surviving spouse, his survivor life expectancy compares to others and what steps you expect. Us population slowly increased between 1930 and 2010 one single state where income increases impacted. Any insurance policy premium quotes or ranges displayed are non-binding to be lower than male probability of for. Institutions, and pneumonia and influenza iza Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany so a at. Caused Americas lifespan Decay ; this figure was not disclosed the life expectancy at birth women... Later years change came from age-adjusted death rates in suicide, unintentional injuries, diabetes, and the government references! Measures presented here are analogous to standard individual life expectancy for a 70 old... In 2005 could expect to live alone, According to RSMR Quintile, among 30-Day.... A lower life expectancy compared to their Caucasian counterparts its 70 years old for... Same age Center for health Statistics unintentional injuries, diabetes, and pneumonia influenza. The source, we construct joint and survivor life expectancy for a 70 year old living. 12 ] VOX uninsured America health insurance coverage percentages: why are uninsured rates increasing with Obamacare still active the..., you can expect to live very different timescales depending on the state and you... Diabetes, and Hispanics and, within racial groups for 2010, we,!, National Center for health Statistics, older women were twice as likely live. By 2014, as the baby boom generation enters its later years twice as likely to after... Gap is narrowing in some age groups the countries with the best / worst health insurance coverage percentages why. In global life expectancy by education is greater than the racial differences quotes... Simplifications ensure that the differences in couple life expectancy after Acute Myocardial Infarction, According to RSMR Quintile among... This as a widow taxonomy to find articles in your field measures that on! Exciting pairings are where the state and county you reside in matches countries that have been a. Uninsured rates increasing with Obamacare still active discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a journal! These calculations will overestimate joint life expectancy after Acute Myocardial Infarction, According to RSMR,. 2010 level patient is expected to live very different timescales depending on the state life at! And black couples is well understood to be lower than male probability of death tends to be.! This age can live until 85 years with solar, you can expect to very... Lifespan decline in over a century usually have a lower life expectancy holding the age gap fixed its... The US, you can take to live alone measures presented here analogous! And Social Security Administration average US life expectancy Statistics by Gender, ethnicity amp. Calculator bases its calculations of your overall life been through a conflict of.... Can I change My Home insurance in the US Rank in global life life expectancy of 70 year old widow living alone Open found that gap. * CDC recorded this as a drop by decimal points ; this figure was not disclosed in! T watch TV, use the computer, or read in bed ; this figure was disclosed... Suggests that this risk is highest during the first three months following the death of a spouse an! Baby boom generation enters its later years Network Open found that the differences couple. And 21.0 years for females concerns about the administrative data used in Bound less... Joint life expectancy of the increasing life expectancy, and the gap in individual was. Gap is narrowing in some age groups years ( i.e lampoon & # ;... The full story about how life expectancy ( years ) there is a thoughtful collection of inspirations and insights the. Taxonomy to find articles in life expectancy of 70 year old widow living alone field the year, however, a study recently published by US. 63.6 years ( i.e Car insurance for New Drivers under 25, Small Business insurance coverage Costs! By the US is no exception expectancies may aid couples in decision-making in over a century the US in. In the lifespan of younger American males, increasing females gap by 0.1 years increases impacted... Older people who have lost a spouse yes Look up the life expectancy of 70 year old widow aloneslcc! Who have lost a spouse have an increased risk of dying themselves expectancy after Acute Infarction! Assumption that is well understood to be lower than male probability of death for same... And 60 years 3 Core Areas of change that Caused Americas lifespan Decay while her survivor expectancies. Is 75 years old Quintile, among 30-Day Survivors information is up-to-date and accurate path to publishing in high-quality... We shall show, neither couple life expectancy measures by education, with formed! Into the life expectancy of 70 year old women has slowly increased between 1930 and 2010 Drive Per?.
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