Poland was partitioned by its three neighbours in the 17721815 era, with much of its land and population being taken under Russian rule. First and only census carried out in the Russian Empire. It became the first State flag of Russia in 1865. [41], The liberal Alexander I was replaced by his younger brother Nicholas I (18251855), who at the beginning of his reign was confronted with an uprising. In 1889, a Russian adventurer, Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov, tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa, Sagallo, situated on the Gulf of Tadjoura in present-day Djibouti. This is a list of the Coats of armsof the Russian Federationand its federal subjects. By 1900 there were 17,000 university students, and over 30,000 were enrolled in specialized technical institutes. 3rd Army (Russian Empire) Adjutant general; Aleksey Tillo; Alexander III of Russia; Alexander Nevsky; Alexander Ypsilantis; Alexis of Russia; Anna of Russia; Ararat (brandy) Armorial of Russia; Black Hundreds; Boris Godunov; Breguet (brand) Catherine I of Russia; Catherine the Great; Caucasian Native Cavalry Division; Caucasus Army (Russian Empire, 1914-1917) Caucasus Front (Russian Republic) The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth and elected delegates directly to the college of the governorates. XXVII (IA dli.granth.78044).pdf, Punch, Vol. St. Petersburg, Russia [126] The tsarist administration sought to arrange "orthodoxies" within Islam, Buddhism, and the Protestant faiths, which was performed by creating spiritual assemblies (in the case of Islam, Judaism, and Lutheranism), banning and declaring bishoprics (in the case of Catholicism), and arbitrating doctrinal disputes. Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided. Added to this, the peculiar institution of the mirframed on the principle of community ownership and occupation of the landthe overall effect was not encouraging of individual effort. The assassination of the Austro-Hungarian heir, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, raised Europe's tensions, which led to the confrontation between Austria and Russia. During his rule, he moved the Russian capital from Moscow to the new model city of Saint Petersburg, which was largely built according to designs of the Western world; he also led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval socio-political customs with a modern, scientific, rationalist, and Western-oriented system. However, instead of receiving their lands as a gift, the freed peasants had to pay a special lifetime tax to the government, which in turn paid the landlords a generous price for the land that they had lost. The Trans-Caspian Railway began at Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Sea and reached Bukhara, Samarkand, and Tashkent. The membership was manipulated as to secure an overwhelming majority of the wealthy (especially the landed classes) and also for the representatives of the Russian peoples at the expense of the subject nations. Instead of imposing the traditional punishment of drawing and quartering, Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioners should execute death sentences quickly and with minimal suffering, as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law. Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire: the New Siberian Islands from the early 18th century; Severnaya Zemlya ("Emperor Nicholas II Land") first mapped and claimed as late as 1913. Within one year, Russian troops were nearing Istanbul and the Ottomans surrendered. [43] The retaliation for the revolt made "December Fourteenth" a day long remembered by later revolutionary movements. While the emperor retained many of his old prerogatives, including an absolute veto over all legislation, he equally agreed to the establishment of an elected parliament, without whose consent no laws were to be enacted in Russia. [40] The "Holy Alliance" was proclaimed, linking the monarchist great powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Russian Empire Coat Of Arms. In 1863, the Russian autocracy had given the Polish artisans and gentry reason to rebel, by assailing national core values of language, religion, and culture. The first 10 parts were published before the revolution of the year 1917. This measure, which was endorsed by the third Duma in an act passed on 21 December 1908, was calculated to have far-reaching and profound effects on the rural economy of Russia. Russian Coat of Arms. The army and the church had their own training programs, narrowly focused on their particular needs. [105] The Tsarist system was fully overthrowned. I - 2008-07-24 (3).jpg, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b15 462-2.jpg, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b17 410-0.jpg, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b17 412-1.jpg, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b17 412-2.jpg, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b17 412-3.jpg, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b17 412-4.jpg, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b17 413-1.jpg, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b17 413-2.jpg, Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary b63 172-2.jpg, Casket for the Act of Succession (Russia, 1797) by shakko.JPG, Cavaliere Guard officer's supervest (1742, Kremlin) by shakko 01.jpg, Cavaliere Guard officer's supervest (1742, Kremlin) by shakko 02.jpg, Chief Coronation marshal's baton (18th c., Kremlin) by shakko 01.JPG, Coat of arms of Russia Empire without shield.png, Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire 1730.png, Coat of arms of the Russian Empire by Jacob Houbraken.jpg, Coats of arms of the Russian Empire art detail, from- Nansen F. - Through Siberia. The coats-of-arms which were to be included in the Armorial had to be approved by the Emperor. Category: Emblems. From 1721 until 1762, the Russian Empire was ruled by the House of Romanov; its matrilineal branch of patrilineal German descent, the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, ruled from 1762 until 1917. "The structure of modern Russian history: Toward a dynamic model. By contrast in Western Europe, urban men had about a 50 percent literacy rate. The Nobles' Land Bank, in 1885, made loans at nominal interest rates to the landed nobility. Access to the Baltic Sea was blocked by Sweden, whose territory enclosed it on three sides. [97] The name-sake offensive was the most successful allied strike of World War I,[98] but the slaughter of many casualties (approximately one million men) forced the Russian forces not to rebuild or launch any further attacks. Russia averted Serbia because it being a compeer Slavic state, and two days later, Emperor Nicholas II ordered the mobilisation to bestow the loyalty to the Orthodox Church, not just for a similar slavic nation. Of these, 11 Governorates, 17 oblasts, and 1 okrug (Sakhalin) belonged to Asian Russia. The present list contains 2086 surnames of those individuals or families whose coats of arms were officially confirmed in the Russian Empire for the period since 1797 to 1888. [116] In 1900, a bloated peasant class (also known as kulak) had emerged, representing less than 20 per cent of the population, who were characterised by owning some of their land, machine, and livestock. The most important successful reform under Alexander I was the creation of a national system of education. Since the majority consisted of conservative elements (the landowners and urban delegates), the progressives had little chance of representation at all, save for the curious provision that one member at least in each government was to be chosen from each of the five classes represented in the college. Economic conditions steadily improved after 1890, thanks to new crops such as sugar beets, and new access to railway transportation. For More Information: If you found the surname you look for in the present list we (BLITZ) can provide you with the corresponding data from the "General Collection", a copy of the article including the picture of the family crest and make the translation. Between 1742 and 1867, the Russian-American Company administered Alaska as a colony. ", "From Byzantium to present-day Russia, the double-headed eagle still soars", The Code of Principal Laws of the Russian Empire ( , 1906), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_Russia&oldid=1132032002, Articles needing additional references from November 2011, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the Caucasus in the course of the 19th century, at the expense of Persia through the Russo-Persian Wars of 180413 and 182628 and the respectively ensuing treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay,[107] as well as through the Caucasian War (18171864). The collar of the newly established Order of Saint Andrew was added around the central escutcheon, and the crowns were changed to the imperial pattern after his assumption of the imperial title in 1721. [46] In the 182829 Russo-Turkish War, Russia invaded northeastern Anatolia and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of Erzurum and Gmhane and, posing as protector and saviour of the Greek Orthodox population, received extensive support from the region's Pontic Greeks. In this it differed from contemporary colonial-style empires. The throne passed to Alexander III (18811894), a reactionary who revived the maxim of "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" of Nicholas I. is a squared Russian tricolour defaced with the coat of arms of Russia, the banner of the Russian Armed Forces also has the coat of arms centered on the obverse side. Peasants had no use for literacy, and people who didsuch as artisans, businessmen, and professionalswere few in number. Literacy rates were highest for the nobility (84 to 87 percent), merchants (over 75 percent), then the workers and peasants. [168], The Ministry of Education was established in 1802, and the country was divided into six educational regions. [125][141] Catholics were distrusted by the Russian Empire as elements of Polish nationalism, a perception which especially increased following the January Uprising. [135] As the Russian Empire expanded, tsarist administrators found it expedient to draw on existing Islamic religious institutions that were already in place. Russia's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the Treaty of San Stefano in March 1878, creating an enlarged, independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans. The millions of rubles of redemption money received from the crown was spent without any real or lasting agricultural improvements having been effected. [12] Alexander II (18551881) initiated numerous reforms, most notably the 1861 emancipation of all 23 million serfs. Peter reorganized his government based on the latest political models of the time, molding Russia into an absolutist state. Ministry of Commerce and Industry (created in 1905); Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg. With the abdication of Nicholas II in 1917, the monarchy was abolished. A day later, protestors rose to two hundred thousand, who cried for Russia to withdraw from the war and the emperor to be deposed. The Russian Empire's state religion was Orthodox Christianity. Several of Peter I's associates are well-known, including Franois Le Fort, Boris Sheremetev, Alexander Menshikov, Jacob Bruce, Mikhail Golitsyn, Anikita Repnin, and Alexey Kelin. The Emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right, although his Finnish subjects came to consider the grand duchy as such. Russia, along with France and Britain, was a member of the Entente in antecedent to World War I; these three powers were formed up in response of Germany's growing diadem,[72] one of the member of the Triple Alliance, besides Austria-Hungary and Italy. XXV (IA dli.granth.78042).pdf, Punch, Vol. By the end of 1905, there was disunity among the reformers, and the emperor's position was strengthened for the time being. Click to enlarge. Many generals and politicians advised the Emperor to abdicate in favour of Tsarevich; Nicholas accepted, but he bequeathed the throne to Grand Duke Michael as a legitimate successor. "Forward to the times of the Russian Empire! In order to repress further revolts, censorship was intensified, including the constant surveillance of schools and universities. If we find the surname of your ancestors in the index but it turns out that their coat of arms was included in parts 11-14, we will be able to look for this coat of arms in Fond 1411 (The Section of Coat of Arms of the Heraldry Department of the Ruling Senate) of the Russian State Historic Archives. Just these ten parts were published before the revolt of the year 1917. Russia's modern fleet was built by Peter the Great, along with an army that was reformed in the manner of European style and educational institutions (the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences). The "General Collection" has a short information about them, a black-white image of the coat of arms and its description. The western boundary was purely arbitrary: it crossed the Kola Peninsula from the Varangerfjord to the Gulf of Bothnia. Background: According to the St. Petersburg office of BLITZ, "the list of names which we have provided is a transliteration of the following publication available in the Russia National Library:Gorn, V.E. There were regional variations, with more poverty in the heavily populated central black earth region; and there were temporary downturns in 189193 and 19051908. [167], The accession in 1801 of Alexander I (18011825) was widely welcomed as an opening to fresh liberal ideas from the European Enlightenment. The great powers mobilized, and Berlin decided to act before the others were ready to fight, first invading Belgium and France in the west, and then Russia in the east.[62]. Finally, in the Baltic provinces nearly all the land belonged to the German landlords, who either farmed the land themselves, with hired laborers, or let it in small farms. Strauss, Johann. Nevertheless, his minister of education, Sergey Uvarov, at the university level promoted more academic freedom for the faculty, who were under suspicion by reactionary church officials. [128], Islam had a "sheltered but precarious" place in the Russian Empire. But the government was living far beyond its means, and 18th-century Russia remained "a poor, backward, overwhelmingly agricultural, and illiterate country".[36]. c/o Russian Baltic Information Center - BLITZ The current coat of arms was designed by artist Yevgeny Ukhnalyov; it was adopted on 30 November 1993 by a presidential decree,[3] and then by a federal law signed by President Vladimir Putin on December 20, 2000. Russia 1909 #85 Variety MLH OG 50k Russian Imperial Empire Coat of Arms Issue! In 1894, municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in the Caucasus. She fell under the spell of a monk, Grigori Rasputin (18691916). However, he retained the right to disband the newly established Duma, and he exercised this right more than once. Total grain production increased, as well as exports, even with rising domestic demand from population growth. However, imports of goods overtook exports, strengthening the role of foreigners in Russian trade, particularly the British domination.[26]. The Military Regulations made a note of the autocracy regime. The Crown paid the landlord and the peasants had to repay the Crown, for forty-nine years at 6% interest. [164], Censorship was heavy-handed until the reign of Alexander II, but it never went away. They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism. In order to ensure the continued support of the nobility, which was essential to her reign, Catherine was obliged to strengthen their authority and power at the expense of the serfs and other lower classes. Witte began by raising revenues through a monopoly on alcohol, which brought in 300 million rubles 1894. In 1861, Emperor Alexander II saw serfs as a problem that dragged Russia into being obsolete, so he liberated 23 million serfs to become free,[160] but they remained indigent throughout the former enslaved population despite their rights. By August 1914, Russia had invaded the German province of East Prussia, ending with a humiliating defeat at Tannenberg, owing to the message sent without wiring and coding,[86] causing the destruction of the entire second army. The orb and scepter grasped in the eagle's talons are traditional heraldic symbols of sovereign power and authority. On 29 October 1914, a prelude to the Russo-Turkish front, the Turkish fleet, with the German support, began to raid Russian coastal cities in Odessa, Sevastopol, Novorossiysk, Feodosia, Kerch, and Yalta. : ; : ; : ; : ; : ; Category:Coats of arms of the Russian Empire; categora de Wikimedia; kategori Wikimedia; Wikimedia category page; ; Vikimedya kategorisi; ; kategria projektov Wikimedia; ; ; Wikimedia-Kategorie; ; kategorie na projektech Wikimedia; kategorija na Wikimediji; :; page de catgorie d'un projet Wikimedia; kategorija na Wikimediji; ; ; Wikimedia-Kategorie; Wikimedia-kategori; kategori Wikimdia; ; pajenn rummata eus Wikimedia; Wikimedia:; ; Wikimedia ; categora de Wikimedia; Kategorie op Wikimedia; ; tudalen categori Wikimedia; kategori e Wikimedias; ; ; Wikimedia-kategori; :; ; categoria Wikimedia; ; ; categoria Vicimediorum; Vikipidiya:Shopni; Wikimedia-luokka; Wikimedia category page; gurhi Vikimedia; ; ; catigura di nu pruggettu Wikimedia; ; Wikimedia:Kategorija; Wikimedia-Kategorie; ; ; categorie n cadrul unui proiect Wikimedia; ; Wikimedia-kategori; kawan Wikimdia; ; ; Wikimedia-blkur; kategorio en Vikimedio; kategori Wikimedia; Wikimedia:Ronnaghys; ; kategori Wikimedia; ; kategorija w projektach Wikimedije; th loi Wikimedia; Wikimedia projekta kategorija; kategoria ti Wikimedia; categoria de um projeto da Wikimedia; Wikimedia category; ; Wikimedia-kategori; kategori Wikimedia; ; Wikimedia category; Vikimdia emohenda; Wikimdia-kategria; ; Wikimediako kategoria; ; Wikimedia-Kategorie; Kategoriya ning Wikimedia; Wikimedia-kategorie; Wkmediya:Kategor; ; Wikimedia-Kategorie; Wikimedia-categorie; ; ; Wikimedia; ; categoria de Wikimedia; Wikimedia-kategoriija; ; Wikimedia-categorie; ; ; categoria di un progetto Wikimedia; kategoria projektu Wikimedia; Wikimedia-kategorie; Wikimedia:Klassys; ; ; categura 'e nu pruggette Wikimedia; Wikimedia-Kategorie; kategorya ng Wikimedia; ka Wikimedia; ; categoria de um projeto da Wikimedia; ; ; tumbung Wikimedia; Wikimedia-Kategorie; kategorija Wikimedije; Wikimedia proyektnda trkem; Wikimedia-kategory; Vicimid catagir; kategori Wikimedia; jamii ya Wikimedia; ; ; kategori Wikimedia; ; : ; Wikimedia kategooria; categora de Wikimedia; Wikimedia-categorie; ; categora de Wikimedia, Coat of arms of the Russian Empire under Alexander II, Coat of arms of the Russian Empire under Nicholas I of Russia, Coat of arms of the Russian Empire under Paul I of Russia, Coat-of-Arms Wing of Grand Peterhof Palace, Coats of arms of cities of the Russian Empire, Coats of arms of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, Coats of arms of uyezds by B. K. von Koehne, Double-headed eagle of Russia on Winter Palace's gate, Fictional coats of arms of the Russian Empire, COA of the Grand Duchy of Finland of COA of the Russian Empire, Coats of arms of the Grand Duchy of Finland, Coats of arms of governorates and provinces of the Russian Empire, Greater Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire, Coats of arms of oblasts of the Russian Empire, Pahonia on COA of cities and regions of the Russian Empire, Unicorns in coats of arms of the Russian Empire, 1 .jpg, . Thus several different artistic interpretations of the same coat of arms can exist. This land was of necessity rented from the landlords. "Russia as a great power, 18152007.". [128] However, some historians evaluate Tsar Nicholas II as having given tacit approval to the antisemitic pogroms that resulted from reactionary riots. Trans-Caspian Railway began at Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Sea and reached Bukhara, Samarkand, and the Emperor increased... 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